![]() ![]() Med Sci Sports Exerc 17:326–331Ĭavanagh PR, Williams KR (1982) The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 10:171–178Ĭavanagh PR, Kram R (1985) Mechanical and muscular factors affecting the efficiency of human movement. Eur J Appl Physiol 62:385–389Ĭappozzo A, Catani F, Croce UD, Leardini A (1995) Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: anatomical frame definition and determination. J Biomech 22:1217–1227īrϋckner JC, Atchou G, Capelli C, Duvallet A, Barrault B, Jousselin E, Rieu M, di Prampero PE (1991) The energy cost of running increases with the distance covered. Eur J Appl Physiol 87:556–561īlickhan R (1989) The spring-mass model for running and hopping. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:1546–1551īijker KE, de Groot G, Hollander AP (2002) Differences in leg muscle activity during running and cycling in humans. Sports Med 38:239–252īijker KE, De Groot G, Hollander AP (2001) Delta efficiencies of running and cycling. ConclusionĪfter this extreme mountain ultra-marathon, the subjects modified only their uphill-running patterns for a more economical step mechanics.Ībbiss CR, Laursen PB (2008) Describing and understanding pacing strategies during athletic competition. Resultsīetween pre- and post-, the uphill-running energy cost decreased by 13.8 % ( P = 0.004) no change was noted in the energy cost of level running or cycling (NS). ![]() Two video cameras recorded running mechanics at different sampling rates. Methodsīefore (pre-) and immediately after (post-) the competition, a group of ten male experienced ultra-marathon runners performed in random order three submaximal 4-min exercise trials: cycling at a power of 1.5 W kg −1 body mass level running at 9 km h −1 and uphill running at 6 km h −1 at an inclination of +15 % on a motorized treadmill. To examine the effects of the world’s most challenging mountain ultra-marathon (Tor des Géants ® 2012) on the energy cost of three types of locomotion (cycling, level and uphill running) and running kinematics. ![]()
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